United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen apparently stated in a press briefing, while commenting on new technological threats possibly held by terrorist organizations: "Others are engaging in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, (and) volcanoes remotely, using the use of electromagnetic waves." Dr Begich's news release adds: "While the Secretary of Defense suggests this capability might be possessed by terrorist organizations, the U.S. military continues to deny that they also control such technology."
  -Dr. Nick Begich

Ground view of HAARP

Background of the HAARP Project

Prepared by Rosalie Bertell, Ph.D., GNSH

Military interest in space became intense during and after World War II because of the introduction of rocket science, the companion to nuclear technology. The early versions include the buzz bomb and guided missiles. They were thought of as potential carriers of both nuclear and conventional bombs.

Rocket technology and nuclear weapon technology developed simultaneously between 1945 and 1963. During this time of intensive atmospheric nuclear testing, explosions at various levels above and below the surface of the earth were attempted. Some of the now familiar descriptions of the earth's protective atmosphere, such as the existence of the Van Allen belts, were based on information gained through stratospheric and ionospheric experimentation.

The earth's atmosphere consists of the troposphere, from sea level to about 16 km above the earth's surface; the stratosphere (which contains the ozone level) which extends from about the 16 to 48 km above the earth; and the ionosphere which extends from 48 km to over 50,000 km above the surface of the earth.

The earth's protective atmosphere or "skin" extends beyond 3,200 km above sea level to the large magnetic fields, called the Van Allen Belts, which can capture the charged particles sprayed through the cosmos by the solar and galactic winds. These belts were discovered in 1958 during the first weeks of the operation of America's first satellite, Explorer I. They appear to contain charged particles trapped in the earth's gravity and magnetic fields. Primary galactic cosmic rays enter the solar system from interstellar space, and are made up of protons with energies above 100 MeV, extending up to astronomically high energies. They make up about 100 percent of the high energy rays. Solar rays are generally of lower energy, below 20 MeV (which is still high energy in earth terms). These high energy particles are affected by the earth's magnetic field and by geomagnetic latitude (distance above or below the geomagnetic equator). The flux density of low energy protons at the top of the atmosphere is normally greater at the poles than at the equator. The density also varies with solar activity, being at a minimum when solar flares are at a minimum.

The Van Allen belts capture charged particles (protons, electrons and alpha particles) and these spiral along the magnetic force lines toward the polar regions where the force lines converge. They are reflected back and forth between the magnetic force lines near the poles. The lower Van Allen Belt is about 7700 km above the earth's surface, and the outer Van Allen Belt is about 51,500 km above the surface. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the Van Allen belts are most intense along the equator, and effectively absent over the poles. They dip to 400 km over the South Atlantic Ocean, and are about 1,000 km high over the Central Pacific Ocean. In the lower Van Allen Belt, the proton intensity is about 20,000 particles with energy above 30 MeV per second per square centimeter. Electrons reach a maximum energy of 1 MeV, and their intensity has a maximum of 100 million per second per square centimeter. In the outer Belt, proton energy averages only 1 MeV. For compar-ison, most charged particles discharged in a nuclear explosion range between 0.3 and 3 MeV, while diagnostic medical X-ray has peak voltage around 0.5 MeV.

Project Argus (1958)

Between August and September 1958, the US Navy exploded three fission type nuclear bombs 480 km above the South Atlantic Ocean, in the part of the lower Van Allen Belt closest to the earth's surface. In addition, two hydrogen bombs were detonated 160 km over Johnston Island in the Pacific. The military called this "the biggest scientific experiment ever undertaken." It was designed by the US Department of Defense and the US Atomic Energy Commission, under the code name Project Argus. The purpose appears to be to assess the impact of high altitude nuclear explosions on radio transmission and radar operations because of the electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and to increase understanding of the geomagnetic field and the behavior of the charged particles in it.

This gigantic experiment created new (inner) magnetic radiation belts encompassing almost the whole earth, and injected sufficient electrons and other energetic particles into the ionosphere to cause world wide effects. The electrons traveled back and forth along magnetic force lines, causing an artificial "aurora" when striking the atmosphere near the North Pole.

The US Military planned to create a "telecommunications shield" in the ionosphere, reported in 13-20 August 1961, Keesings Historisch Archief (K.H.A.). This shield would be created "in the ionosphere at 3,000 km height, by bringing into orbit 350,000 million copper needles, each 2-4 cm long [total weight 16 kg], forming a belt 10 km thick and 40 km wide, the needles spaced about 100 m apart." This was designed to replace the ionosphere "because telecommunications are impaired by magnetic storms and solar flares." The US planned to add to the number of copper needles if the experiment proved to be successful. This plan was strongly opposed by the Intentional Union of Astronomers.

Project Starfish (1962)

On July 9, 1962, the US began a further series of experiments with the ionosphere. From their description: "one kiloton device, at a height of 60 km and one megaton and one multi-megaton, at several hundred kilometers height" (K.H.A., 29 June 1962). These tests seriously disturbed the lower Van Allen Belt, substantially altering its shape and intensity. "In this experiment the inner Van Allen Belt will be practically destroyed for a period of time; particles from the Belt will be transported to the atmosphere. It is anticipated that the earth's magnetic field will be disturbed over long distances for several hours, preventing radio communication. The explosion in the inner radiation belt will create an artificial dome of polar light that will be visible from Los Angeles" (K.H.A. 11 May 1962). A Fijian Sailor, present at this nuclear explosion, told me that the whole sky was on fire and he thought it would be the end of the world. This was the experiment which called forth the strong protest of the Queen's Astronomer, Sir Martin Ryle in the UK.

"The ionosphere [according to the under-standing at that time] that part of the atmosphere between 65 and 80 km and 280- 320 km height, will be disrupted by mechanical forces caused by the pressure wave following the explosion. At the same time, large quantities of ionizing radiation will be released, further ionizing the gaseous components of the atmosphere at this height. This ionization effect is strengthened by the radiation from the fission products... The lower Van Allen Belt, consisting of charged particles that move along the geomagnetic field lines... will similarly be disrupted. As a result of the explosion, this field will be locally destroyed, while countless new electrons will be introduced into the lower belt" (K.H.A. 11 May 1962). "On 19 July... NASA announced that as a consequence of the high altitude nuclear test of July 9, a new radiation belt had been formed, stretching from a height of about 400 km to 1600 km; it can be seen as a temporary extension of the lower Van Allen Belt" (K.H.A. 5 August 1962).

As explained in the Encyclopedia Britannica: "... Starfish made a much wider belt [than Project Argus] that extends from low altitude out past L=3 [i.e. three earth radiuses or about 13,000 km above the surface of the earth]." Later in 1962, the USSR undertook similar planetary experiments, creating three new radiation belts between 7,000 and 13,000 km above the earth. According to the Encyclopedia, the electron fluxes in the lower Van Allen Belt have changed markedly since the 1962 high- altitude nuclear explosions by the US and USSR, never returning to their former state. According to American scientists, it could take many hundreds of years for the Van Allen Belts to destabilize at their normal levels. (Research done by: Nigel Harle, Borderland Archives, Cortenbachstraat 32, 6136 CH Sittard, Netherlands.)

SPS: Solar Power Satellite Project (1968)

In 1968 the US military proposed Solar Powered Satellites in geostationary orbit some 40,000 km above the earth, which would intercept solar radiation using solar cells on satellites and transmit it via a microwave beam to receiving antennas, called rectennas, on earth. The US Congress mandated the Department of Energy and NASA to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment on this project, to be completed by June 1980, and costing $25 Million. This project was designed to construct 60 Solar Powered Satellites over a thirty year period at a cost between $500 and $800 thousand million (in 1968 dollars), providing 100 percent of the US energy needs in the year 2025 at a cost of $3000 per kW. At that time, the project cost was two to three times larger than the whole Department of Energy budget, and the projected cost of the electricity was well above the cost of most conventional energy sources. The rectenna sites on earth were expected to take up to 145 square kilometers of land, and would preclude habitation by any humans, animals or even vegetation. Each Satellite was to be the size of Manhattan Island.

Saturn V Rocket (1975)

Due to a malfunction, the Saturn V Rocket burned unusually high in the atmosphere, above 300 km. This burn produced "a large ionospheric hole" (Mendillo, M. Et al., Science p. 187, 343, 1975). The disturbance reduced the total electron content more than 60% over an area 1,000 km in radius, and lasted for several hours. It prevented all telecommunications over a large area of the Atlantic Ocean. The phenomenon was apparently caused by a reaction between the exhaust gases and ionospheric oxygen ions. The reaction emitted a 6300 A airglow. Between 1975 and 1981 NASA and the US Military began to design ways to test this new phenomena through deliberate experimentation with the ionosphere.

SPS Military Implications (1978)

Early review of the Solar Powered Satellite Project began in around 1978, and I was on the review panel. Although this was proposed as an energy program, it had significant military implications. One of the most significant, first pointed out by Michael J. Ozeroff, was the possibility of developing a satellite-borne beam weapon for anti-ballistic missile (ABM) use. The satellites were to be in geosynchronous orbits, each providing an excellent vantage point from which an entire hemisphere can be surveyed continuously. It was speculated that a high-energy laser beam could function as a thermal weapon to disable or destroy enemy missiles. There was some discussion of electron weapon beams, through the use of a laser beam to preheat a path for the following electron beam.

The SPS was also described as a psychological and anti- personnel weapon, which could be directed toward an enemy. If the main microwave beam was redirected away from its rectenna, toward enemy personnel, it could use an infrared radiation wave- length (invisible) as an anti-personnel weapon. It might also be possible to transmit high enough energy to ignite combustible materials. Laser beam power relays could be made from the SPS satellite to other satellites or platforms, for example aircraft, for military purposes. One application might be a laser powered turbofan engine which would receive the laser beam directly in its combustion chamber, producing the required high temperature gas for its cruising operation. This would allow unlimited on-station cruise time. As a psychological weapon, the SPS was capable of causing general panic

The SPS would be able to transmit power to remote military operations anywhere needed on earth. The manned platform of the SPS would provide surveillance and early warning capability, and ELF linkage to submarines. It would also provide the capability of jamming enemy communications. The potential for jamming and creating communications is significant. The SPS was also capable of causing physical changes in the ionosphere

President Carter approved the SPS Project and gave it a go- ahead, in spite of the reservation which many reviewers, myself included, expressed. Fortunately, it was so expensive, exceeding the entire Department of Energy budget, that funding was denied by the Congress. I approached the United Nations Committee on Disarmament on this project, but was told that as long as the program was called Solar Energy by the United States, it could not be considered a weapons project. The same project resurfaced in the US under President Reagan. He moved it to the much larger budget of the Department of Defense and called it Star Wars. Since this is more recent history, I will not discuss the debate which raged over this phase of the plan.

By 1978, it was apparent to the US Military that communications in a nuclear hostile environment would not be possible using traditional methods of radio and television technology (Jane's Military Communications 1978). By 1982, GTE Sylvania (Needham Heights, Massachusetts) had developed a command control electronic sub-system for the US Air Force's Ground Launch Cruise Missiles (GLCM) that would enable military commanders to monitor and control the missile prior to launch both in hostile and non-hostile environments. The system contains six radio subsystems, created with visible light using a dark beam (not visible) and is resistant to the disruptions experienced by radio and television. Dark beams contribute to the formation of energetic plasma in the atmosphere. This plasma can become visible as smog or fog. Some has a different charge than the sun's energy, and accumulates in places where the sun's energy is absent, like the polar regions in the winter. When the polar spring occurs, the sun appears and repels this plasma, contributing to holes in the ozone layer. This military system is called: Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN). (See The SECOMII Communication System, by Wayne Olsen, SAND 78- 0391,Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 1978.) This innovative emergency radio system was apparently never implemented in Europe, and exists only in North America.

Orbit Maneuvering System (1981)

Part of the plan to build the SPS space platforms was the demand for reusable space shuttles, since they could not afford to keep discarding rockets. The NASA Spacelab 3 Mission of the Space Shuttle made, in 1981, "a series of passes over a network of five ground based observatories" in order to study what happened to the ionosphere when the Shuttle injected gases into it from the Orbit Maneuvering System (OMS). They discovered that they could "induce ionospheric holes" and began to experiment with holes made in the daytime, or at night over Millstone, Connecticut, and Arecibo, Puerto Rico. They experimented with the effects of "artificially induced ionospheric depletions on very low frequency wave lengths, on equatorial plasma instabilities, and on low frequency radio astronomical observations over Roberval, Quebec, Kwajelein, in the Marshall Islands and Hobart, Tasmania" (Advanced Space Research, Vo1.8, No. 1, 1988).

Innovative Shuttle Experiments (1985)

An innovative use of the Space Shuttle to perform space physics experiments in earth orbit was launched, using the OMS injections of gases to "cause a sudden depletion in the local plasma concentration, the creation of a so called ionospheric hole." This artificially induced plasma depletion can then be used to investigate other space phenomena, such as the growth of the plasma instabilities or the modification of radio propagation paths. The 47 second OMS burn of July 29, 1985, produced the largest and most long-lived ionospheric hole to date, dumping some 830 kg of exhaust into the ionosphere at sunset. A 6 second, 68 km OMS release above Connecticut in August 1985, produced an airglow which covered over 400,000 square km.

During the 1980's, rocket launches globally numbered about 500 to 600 a year, peaking at 1500 in 1989. There were many more during the Gulf War. The Shuttle is the largest of the solid fuel rockets, with twin 45 meter boosters. All solid fuel rockets release large amounts of hydrochloric acid in their exhaust, each Shuttle flight injecting about 75 tons of ozone destroying chlorine into the stratosphere. Those launched since 1992 inject even more ozone-destroying chlorine, about 187 tons, into the stratosphere (which contains the ozone layer).

Mighty Oaks (1986)

In April 1986, just before the Chernobyl disaster, the US had a failed hydrogen test at the Nevada Test Site called Mighty Oaks. This test, conducted far underground, consisted of a hydrogen bomb explosion in one chamber, with a leaded steel door to the chamber, two meters thick, closing within milliseconds of the blast. The door was to allow only the first radioactive beam to escape into the "control room" in which expensive instrumentation was located. The radiation was to be captured as a weapon beam. The door failed to close as quickly as planned, causing the radioactive gases and debris to fill the control room, destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment. The experiment was part of a program to develop X-ray and particle beam weapons. The radioactive releases from Mighty Oaks were vented, under a "licensed venting" and were likely responsible for many of the North American nuclear fallout reports in May 1986, which were attributed to the Chernobyl disaster.

Desert Storm (1991)

According to Defense News, April 13 - 19, 1992, the US deployed an electromagnetic pulse weapon (EMP) in Desert Storm, designed to mimic the flash of electricity from a nuclear bomb. The Sandia National Laboratory had built a 23,000 square meter laboratory on the Kirkland Air Force Base, 1989, to house the Hermes II electron beam generator capable of producing 20 Trillion Watt pulses lasting 20 billionths to 25 billionths of a second. This X-ray simulator is called a Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator. A stream of electrons hitting a metal plate can produce a pulsed X-ray or gamma ray. Hermes II had produced electron beams since 1974. These devises were apparently tested during the Gulf War, although detailed information on them is sparse.

High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, HAARP (1993)

The HAARP Program is jointly managed by the US Air Force and the US Navy, and is based in Gakona, Alaska. It is designed to "understand, simulate and control ionospheric processes that might alter the performance of communication and surveillance systems." The HAARP system intends to beam 3.6 Gigawatts of effective radiated power of high frequency radio energy into the ionosphere in order to:

• Generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves for communicating with submerged submarines
• Conduct geophysical probes to identify and characterize natural ionospheric processes so that techniques can be developed to mitigate or control them
• Generate ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of high frequency energy, thus providing a means of triggering ionospheric processes that potentially could be exploited for Department of Defense purposes,
• Electron acceleration for infrared (IR) and other optical emissions which could be used to control radio wave propagation properties
• Generate geomagnetic field aligned ionization to control the reflection/scattering properties of radio waves,
• Use oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation, thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric enhancement technology.

Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to Present)

The Poker Flat Research Range is located about 50 km North of Fairbanks, Alaska, and it was established in 1968. It is operated by the Geophysical Institute with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, under NASA contract. About 250 major rocket launches have taken place from this site, and in 1994, a 16 meter long rocket was launched to help NASA "understand chemical reactions in the atmosphere associated with global climate change." Similar experiments, but using Chemical Release Modules (CRM), have been launched from Churchill, Manitoba. In 1980, Brian Whelan's "Project Waterhole" disrupted an aurora borealis, bringing it to a temporary halt. In February 1983, the chemical released into the ionosphere caused an aurora borealis over Churchill. In March 1989, two Black Brant X's and two Nike Orion rockets were launched over Canada, releasing barium at high altitudes and creating artificial clouds. These Churchill artificial clouds were observed from as far away as Los Alamos, New Mexico.

The US Navy has also been carrying on High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS) research in Alaska. Through a series of wires and a 15 meter antenna, they have beamed high intensity signals into the upper atmosphere, generating a controlled disturbance in the ionosphere. As early as 1992, the Navy talked of creating 10 kilometer long antennas in the sky to generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves needed for communicating with submarines. Another purpose of these experiments is to study the Aurora Borealis, called by some an outdoor plasma lab for studying the principles of fusion. Shuttle flights are now able to generate auroras with an electron beam. On November 10, 1991, and aurora borealis appeared in the Texas sky for the first time ever recorded, and it was seen by people as far away as Ohio and Utah, Nebraska and Missouri. The sky contained "Christmas colors" and various scientists were quick to blame it on solar activity. However, when pressed most would admit that the ionosphere must have been weakened at the time, so that the electrically charged particle hitting the earth's atmosphere created the highly visible light called airglow. These charged particles are normally pulled northwards by the earth's magnetic forces, to the magnetic north pole. The Northern Lights, as the aurora borealis is called, normally occurs in the vortex at the pole where the energetic particles, directed by the magnetic force lines, are directed.

Conclusions

It would be rash to assume that HAARP is an isolated experiment which would not be expanded. It is related to fifty years of intensive and increasingly destructive programs to understand and control the upper atmosphere.

It would be rash not to associate HAARP with the space laboratory construction which is separately being planned by the United States. HAARP is an integral part of a long history of space research and development of a deliberate military nature.

The military implications of combining these projects is alarming.

Basic to this project is control of communications, both disruption and reliability in hostile environments. The power wielded by such control is obvious.

The ability of the HAARP / Spacelab/ rocket combination to deliver very large amount of energy, comparable to a nuclear bomb, anywhere on earth via laser and particle beams, are frightening.

The project is likely to be "sold" to the public as a space shield against incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a devise for repairing the ozone layer.

Further References:

C.L. Herzenberg, Physics and Society, April 1994.

R. Williams, Physics and Society, April 1988.

B. Eastlund, Microwave News, May/June 1994.

W. Kofinan and C. Lathuillere, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 14, No. 11, pp 1158-1161, November 1987 (Includes French experiments at EISCAT).

G. Metz and F.W. Perkins. Ionospheric Modification Theory: Past Present and Future, Radio Science, Vo1.9, No. 11, pp 885 -888, November 1974.

Source : Background of the HAARP Project

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Vandalism In The Sky

By Dr. Nick Begich and Jeane Manning

Techno-Net is the protest form of the 1990s -- picketing on the information highways. For example, a fast-growing assortment of men and women around the world are using the InterNet (started by the U.S. military for information transfer-and-exchange that would never be interfered with) to draw attention to a questionable military project in Alaska. Now these InterNetting, e-mailing, faxing folks are blowing holes in the Department of Defense secrecy wall, by using the government's own system.

The printed-word part of the protest started when Dennis Specht, an anti-nuclear activist then living in Alaska, sent a news item to Nexus on the topic of HAARP --- the High frequency Active Auroral Research Program. Then an Alaskan political activist and science researcher in Anchorage, Nick Begich, networked with Patrick and Gael Crystal Flanagan, who are self-described TechnoMonks living in Sedona, Arizona, and was told to check out that same Australian-based magazine. Begich was surprised to see an item from his hometown in Nexus, and immediately headed to the local library to dig out the documents cited in the article.

That research led to articles and the book, Angels Don't Play this HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology, which is 230 pages of detailed information on this intrusive project. This article will only give highlights. Despite the amount of research (350 footnotes), at its heart it is a story about ordinary people who took on an extraordinary challenge.

HAARP Boils The Upper Atmosphere

HAARP will zap the upper atmosphere with a focused and steerable electromagnetic beam. It is an advanced model of an "ionospheric heater". (The ionosphere is the electrically-charged sphere surrounding Earth's upper atmosphere. It ranges between about 40- to 600 miles above Earth's surface.)

Put simply, the apparatus for HAARP is a reversal of a radio telescope; antennas send out signals instead of receiving. HAARP is the test run for a super-powerful radiowave-beaming technology that lifts areas of the ionosphere by focusing a beam and heating those areas. Electromagnetic waves then bounce back onto earth and penetrate everything -- living and dead.

HAARP publicity gives the impression that the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program is mainly an academic project with the goal of changing the ionosphere to improve communications for our own good. However, other U.S. military documents put it more clearly -- HAARP aims to learn how to "exploit the ionosphere for Department of Defense purposes". Communicating with submarines is only one of those purposes.

Press releases and other information from the military on HAARP continually downplay what it could do. Publicity documents insist that the HAARP project is no different than other ionospheric heaters operating safely throughout the world in places such as Arecibo, Puerto Rico; Tromso, Norway and the former Soviet Union. However, a 1990 government document indicates that the radio-frequency (RF) power zap will drive the ionosphere to unnatural activities.

"...at the highest HF powers available in the West, the instabilities commonly studied are approaching their maximum RF energy dissipative capability, beyond which the plasma processes will 'runaway' until the next limiting factor is reached."

If the military, in cooperation with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, can show that this new ground-based "Star Wars" technology is sound, they both win. The military has a relatively-inexpensive defense shield and the University can brag about the most dramatic geophysical manipulation since atmospheric explosions of nuclear bombs. After successful testing, they would have the military megaprojects of the future and huge markets for Alaska's North Slope natural gas.

Looking at the other patents which built on the work of a Texas' physicist named Bernard Eastlund, it becomes clearer how the military intends to use the HAARP transmitter. It also makes governmental denials less believable. The military knows how it intends to use this technology, and has made it clear in their documents. The military has deliberately misled the public, through sophisticated word games, deceit and outright disinformation.

The military says the HAARP system could:

• give the military a tool to replace the electromagnetic pulse effect of atmospheric thermonuclear devices (still considered a viable option by the military through at least 1986).
• replace the huge Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) submarine communication system operating in Michigan and Wisconsin with a new and more compact technology.
• Be used to replace the over-the-horizon radar system that was once planned for the current location of HAARP, with a more flexible and accurate system.
• provide a way to wipe out communications over an extremely large area, while keeping the military's own communications systems working.
• provide a wide area earth-penetrating tomography which, if combined with the computing abilities of EMASS and Cray computers, would make it possible to verify many parts of nuclear nonproliferation and peace agreements.
• be a tool for geophysical probing to find oil, gas and mineral deposits over a large area.
• be used to detect incoming low-level planes and cruise missiles, making other technologies obsolete.

The above abilities seem like a good idea to all who believe in sound national defense, and to those concerned about cost-cutting. However, the possible uses which the HAARP records do not explain, and which can only be found in Air Force, Army, Navy and other federal agency records, are alarming. Moreover, effects from the reckless use of these power levels in our natural shield - the ionosphere - could be cataclysmic according to some scientists.

Two Alaskans put it bluntly. A founder of the NO HAARP movement, Clare Zickuhr, says "The military is going to give the ionosphere a big kick and see what happens."

The military failed to tell the public that they do not know what exactly will happen, but a Penn State science article brags about that uncertainty. Macho science? The HAARP project uses the largest energy levels yet played with by what Begich and Manning call "the big boys with their new toys". It is an experiment on the sky, and experiments are done to find out something not already known. Independent scientists told Begich and Manning that a HAARP-type "skybuster" with its unforeseen effects could be an act of global vandalism.

HAARP History

The patents described below were the package of ideas which were originally controlled by ARCO Power Technologies Incorporated (APTI), a subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield Company, one of the biggest oil companies in the world. APTI was the contractor that built the HAARP facility. ARCO sold this subsidiary, the patents and the second phase construction contract to E-Systems in June 1994.

E-Systems is one of the biggest intelligence contractors in the world -- doing work for the CIA, defense intelligence organizations and others. $1.8 billion of their annual sales are to these organizations, with $800 million for black projects -- projects so secret that even the United States Congress isn't told how the money is being spent.

E-Systems was bought out by Raytheon, which is one of the largest defense contractors in the world. In 1994 Raytheon was listed as number forty-two on the Fortune 500 list of companies. Raytheon has thousands of patents, some of which will be valuable in the HAARP project. The twelve patents below are the backbone of the HAARP project, and are now buried among the thousands of others held in the name of Raytheon.

Bernard J. Eastlund's U.S. Patent # 4,686,605 , "Method and Apparatus for Altering a Region in the Earth's Atmosphere, Ionosphere, and/or Magnetosphere" was sealed for a year under a government Secrecy Order.

The Eastlund ionospheric heater was different; the radio frequency (RF) radiation was concentrated and focused to a point in the ionosphere. This difference throws an unprecedented amount of energy into the ionosphere. The Eastlund device would allow a concentration of one watt per cubic centimeter, compared to others only able to deliver about one millionth of one watt.

This huge difference could lift and change the ionosphere in the ways necessary to create futuristic effects described in the patent. According to the patent, the work of Nikola Tesla in the early 1900's formed the basis of the research.

What would this technology be worth to ARCO, the owner of the patents? They could make enormous profits by beaming electrical power from a powerhouse in the gas fields to the consumer without wires.

For a time, HAARP researchers could not prove that this was one of the intended uses for HAARP. In April, 1995, however, Begich found other patents, connected with a "key personnel" list for APTI. Some of these new APTI patents were indeed a wireless system for sending electrical power.

Eastlund's patent said the technology can confuse or completely disrupt airplanes' and missiles' sophisticated guidance systems. Further, this ability to spray large areas of Earth with electromagnetic waves of varying frequencies, and to control changes in those waves, makes it possible to knock out communications on land or sea as well as in the air. The patent said:

"Thus, this invention provides the ability to put unprecedented amounts of power in the Earth's atmosphere at strategic locations and to maintain the power injection level, particularly if random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more precise and better controlled than heretofore accomplished by the prior art, particularly by detonation of nuclear devices of various yields at various altitudes..."

'..it is possible not only to interfere with third party communications but to take advantage of one or more such beams to carry out a communications network even though the rest of the world's communications are disrupted. Put another way, what is used to disrupt another's communications can be employed by one knowledgeable of this invention as a communication network at the same time."

.'.. large regions of the atmosphere could be lifted to an unexpectedly high altitude so that missiles encounter unexpected and unplanned drag forces with resultant destruction ...

" Weather modification is possible by, for example, altering upper atmosphere wind patterns by constructing one or more plumes of atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device. ... molecular modifications of the atmosphere can take place so that positive environmental effects can be achieved. Besides actually changing the molecular composition of an atmospheric region, a particular molecule or molecules can be chosen for increased presence. For example, ozone, nitrogen, etc., concentrations in the atmosphere could be artificially increased...

Begich found eleven other APTI patents. They told how to make Nuclear-sized Explosions without Radiation", power-beaming systems, over-the-horizon radar, detection systems for missiles carrying nuclear warheads, electromagnetic pulses previously produced by thermonuclear weapons and other Star-Wars tricks. This cluster of patents underlay the HAARP weapon system.

Related research by Begich and Manning uncovered bizarre schemes. For example, Air Force documents revealed that a system had been developed for manipulating and disrupting human mental processes through pulsed radio-frequency radiation (the stuff of HAARP) over large geographical areas. The most telling material about this technology came from writings of Zbigniew Brzezinski (former National Security Advisory to U.S. President Carter) and J.F. MacDonald (science advisor to U.S. President Johnson and a professor of Geophysics at UCLA), as they wrote about use of power-beaming transmitters for geophysical and environmental warfare. The documents showed how these effects might be caused, and the negative effects on human health and thinking.

The mental-disruption possibilities for HAARP are the most disturbing. More than 40 pages of the book, with dozens of footnotes, chronicle the work of Harvard professors, military planners and scientists as they plan and test this use of the electromagnetic technology. For example, one of the papers describing this use was from the International Red Cross in Geneva. It even gave the frequency ranges where these effects could occur -- the same ranges which HAARP is capable of broadcasting.

The following statement was made more than twenty-five years ago, in a book by Brzezinski which he wrote while a professor at Columbia University:

"Political strategists are tempted to exploit research on the brain and human behavior. Geophysicist Gordon J. F.MacDonald -- specialist in problems of warfare -- says accurately-timed, artificially-excited electronic strokes 'could lead to a pattern of oscillations that produce relatively high power levels over certain regions of the earth...In this way, one could develop a system that would seriously impair the brain performance of very large populations in selected regions over an extended period'...No matter how deeply disturbing the thought of using the environment to manipulate behavior for national advantages , to some, the technology permitting such use will very probably develop within the next few decades."

In 1966, MacDonald was a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee and later a member of the President's Council on Environmental Quality. He published papers on the use of environmental control technologies for military purposes. The most profound comment he made as a geophysicist was, "The key to geophysical warfare is the identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy." While yesterday's geophysicists predicted today's advances, are HAARP program managers delivering on the vision?

The geophysicists recognized that adding energy to the environmental soup could have large effects. However, humankind has already added substantial amounts of electromagnetic energy into our environment without understanding what might constitute critical mass. The book by Begich and Manning raises questions: Have these additions been without effect, or is there a cumulative amount beyond which irreparable damage can be done? Is HAARP another step in a journey from which we cannot turn back? Are we about to embark on another energy experiment which unleashes another set of demons from Pandora's box?

As early as 1970, Zbigniew Brzezinski predicted a "more controlled and directed society" would gradually appear, linked to technology. This society would be dominated by an elite group which impresses voters by allegedly superior scientific know-how. Angels Don't Play This HAARP further quotes Brzezinski:

"Unhindered by the restraints of traditional liberal values, this elite would not hesitate to achieve its political ends by using the latest modern techniques for influencing public behavior and keeping society under close surveillance and control. Technical and scientific momentum would then feed on the situation it exploits", Brzezinski predicted.

His forecasts proved accurate. Today, a number of new tools for the "elite" are emerging, and the temptation to use them increases steadily. The policies to permit the tools to be used are already in place. How could the United States be changed, bit by bit, into the predicted highly-controlled technosociety? Among the "steppingstones" Brzezinski expected were persisting social crises and use of the mass media to gain the public's confidence.

In another document prepared by the government, the U.S. Air Force claims:

"The potential applications of artificial electromagnetic fields are wide-ranging and can be used in many military or quasi-military situations...Some of these potential uses include dealing with terrorist groups, crowd control, controlling breaches of security at military installations, and antipersonnel techniques in tactical warfare. In all of these cases the EM (electromagnetic) systems would be used to produce mild to severe physiological disruption or perceptual distortion or disorientation. In addition, the ability of individuals to function could be degraded to such a point that they would be combat ineffective. Another advantage of electromagnetic systems is that they can provide coverage over large areas with a single system. They are silent and countermeasures to them may be difficult to develop... One last area where electromagnetic radiation may prove of some value is in enhancing abilities of individuals for anomalous phenomena."

Do these comments point to uses already somewhat developed? The author of the government report refers to an earlier Air Force document about the uses of radiofrequency radiation in combat situations. (Here Begich and Manning note that HAARP is the most versatile and the largest radio-frequency-radiation transmitter in the world.)

The United States Congressional record deals with the use of HAARP for penetrating the earth with signals bounced off of the ionosphere. These signals are used to look inside the planet to a depth of many kilometers in order to locate underground munitions, minerals and tunnels. The U.S. Senate set aside $15 million dollars in 1996 to develop this ability alone -- earth-penetrating-tomography. The problem is that the frequency needed for earth-penetrating radiations is within the frequency range most cited for disruption of human mental functions. It may also have profound effects on migration patterns of fish and wild animals which rely on an undisturbed energy field to find their routes.

As if electromagnetic pulses in the sky and mental disruption were not enough, Eastlund bragged that the super-powerful ionospheric heater could control weather. Begich and Manning brought to light government documents indicating that the military has weather-control technology. When HAARP is eventually built to its full power level, it could create weather effects over entire hemispheres. If one government experiments with the world's weather patterns, what is done in one place will impact everyone else on the planet. Angels Don't Play This HAARP explains a principle behind some of Nikola Tesla's inventions -- resonance -- which affects planetary systems.

Bubble Of Electric Particles

Angels Don't Play This HAARP includes interviews with independent scientists such as Elizabeth Rauscher. She has a Ph.D., a long and impressive career in high-energy physics, and has been published in prestigious science journals and books. Rauscher commented on HAARP. "You're pumping tremendous energy into an extremely delicate molecular configuration that comprises these multi-layers we call the ionosphere." The ionosphere is prone to catalytic reactions, she explained; if a small part is changed, a major change in the ionosphere can happen.

In describing the ionosphere as a delicately balanced system, Dr. Rauscher shared her mental picture of it -- a soap-bubble-like sphere surrounding Earth's atmosphere, with movements swirling over the surface of the bubble. If a big enough hole is punched through it, she predicts, it could pop.

Slicing The Ionosphere

Physicist Daniel Winter, Ph. D. , of Waynesville, North Carolina, says HAARP high-frequency emissions can couple with longwave (low-frequency, or ELF) pulses the Earth grid uses to distribute information as vibrations to synchronize dances of life in the biosphere. Dan terms this geomagnetic action 'Earth's information bloodstream'., and says it is likely that coupling of HAARP HF (high-frequency) with natural ELF (extremely low frequency) can cause unplanned, unsuspected side effects.

David Yarrow of Albany, New York, is a researcher with a background in electronics. He described possible interactions of HAARP radiations with the ionosphere and Earth's magnetic grid:

"HAARP will not burn 'holes' in the ionosphere. That is a dangerous understatement of what HAARP's giant gigawatt beam will do. Earth is spinning relative to thin electric shells of the multilayer membrane of 'ion-o-speres' that absorb and shield Earth's surface from intense solar radiation, including charged particle storms in solar winds erupting from the sun. Earth's axial spin means that HAARP -- in a burst lasting more than a few minutes -- will slice through the ionosphere like a microwave knife. This produces not a 'hole', but a long tear -- an incision."

Crudely Plucking The Strings

"Second concept: As Earth rotates, HAARP will slice across geomagnetic flux...a donut-shaped spool of magnetic strings -- like longitude meridians (on maps). HAARP may not 'cut' these strings in Gaia's magnetic mantle, but will pulse each thread with harsh, out-of-harmony high frequencies. These noisy impulses will vibrate geomagnetic flux lines, sending vibrations all through the geomagnetic web."

"The image comes to mind of a spider on its web. An insect lands, and the web's vibrations alert the spider to possible prey. HAARP will be a man-made microwave finger poking at the web, sending out confusing signals, if not tearing holes in the threads."

"Effects of this interference with symphonies of Gaia's geomagnetic harp are unknown, and I suspect barely thought of. Even if thought of, the intent (of HAARP) is to learn to exploit any effects, not to play in tune to global symphonies."

Among other researchers quoted is Paul Schaefer of Kansas City. His degree is in electrical engineering and he spent four years building nuclear weapons. "But most of the theories that we have been taught by scientists to believe in seem to be falling apart," he says.

He talks about imbalances already caused by the industrial and atomic age, especially by radiation of large numbers of tiny, high-velocity particles "like very small spinning tops into our environment. The unnatural level of motion of highly-energetic particles in the atmosphere and in radiation belts surrounding Earth is the villain in the weather disruptions, according to this model, which describes an Earth discharging its buildup of heat, relieving stress and regaining a balanced condition through earthquakes and volcanic action.

'Feverish' Earth

"One might compare the abnormal energetic state of the Earth and its atmosphere to a car battery which has become overcharged with the normal flow of energy jammed up, resulting in hot spots, electrical arcing, physical cracks and general turbulence as the pent-up energy tries to find some place to go."

In a second analogy, Schaefer says "Unless we desire the death of our planet, we must end the production of unstable particles which are generating the earth's fever. A first priority to prevent this disaster would be to shut down all nuclear power plants and end the testing of atomic weapons, electronic warfare and 'Star Wars'."

Meanwhile, the military builds its biggest ionospheric heater yet, to deliberately create more instabilities in a huge plasma layer -- the ionosphere -- and to rev up the energy level of charged particles.

Electronic Rain From The Sky

They have published papers about electron precipitation from the magnetosphere (the outer belts of charged particles which stream toward Earth's magnetic poles) caused by man-made very low frequency electromagnetic waves. "These precipitated particles can produce secondary ionization, emit X-rays, and cause significant perturbation in the lower ionosphere."

Two Stanford University radio scientists offer evidence of what technology can do to affect the sky by making waves on earth; they showed that very low frequency radio waves can vibrate the magnetosphere and cause high-energy particles to cascade into Earth's atmosphere. By turning the signal on or off, they could stop the flow of energetic particles.

Weather Control

Avalanches of energy dislodged by such radio waves could hit us hard. Their work suggests that technicians could control global weather by sending relatively small 'signals' into the Van Allen belts (radiation belts around Earth). Thus Tesla's resonance effects can control enormous energies by tiny triggering signals.

The Begich/ Manning book asks whether that knowledge will be used by war-oriented or biosphere-oriented scientists.

The military has had about twenty years to work on weather warfare methods, which it euphemistically calls weather modification. For example, rainmaking technology was taken for a few test rides in Vietnam. The U.S. Department of Defense sampled lightning and hurricane manipulation studies in Project Skyfire and Project Stormfury. And they looked at some complicated technologies that would give big effects. Angels Don't Play This HAARP cites an expert who says the military studied both lasers and chemicals which they figured could damage the ozone layer over an enemy. Looking at ways to cause earthquakes, as well as to detect them, was part of the project named Prime Argus, decades ago. The money for that came from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, now under the acronym ARPA.)

In 1994 the Air Force revealed its Spacecast 2020 master plan which includes weather control. Scientists have experimented with weather control since the 1940's, but Spacecast 2020 noted that "using environmental modification techniques to destroy, damage or injure another state are prohibited". Having said that, the Air Force claimed that advances in technology "compels a reexamination of this sensitive and potentially risky topic."

40 Years Of Zapping The Sky?

As far back as 1958, the chief White House advisor on weather modification, Captain Howard T. Orville, said the U.S. defense department was studying "ways to manipulate the charges of the earth and sky and so affect the weather" by using an electronic beam to ionize or de-ionize the atmosphere over a given area.

In 1966, Professor Gordon J. F. MacDonald was associate director of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles, was a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee, and later a member of the President's Council on Environmental Quality. He published papers on the use of environmental-control technologies for military purposes. MacDonald made a revealing comment:

"The key to geophysical warfare is the identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy."

World-recognized scientist MacDonald had a number of ideas for using the environment as a weapon system and he contributed to what was, at the time, the dream of a futurist. When he wrote his chapter, "How To Wreck The Environment", for the book Unless Peace Comes, he was not kidding around. In it he describes the use of weather manipulation, climate modification, polar ice cap melting or destabilization, ozone depletion techniques, earthquake engineering, ocean wave control and brain wave manipulation using the planet's energy fields. He also said that these types of weapons would be developed and, when used, would be virtually undetectable by their victims. Is HAARP that weapon? The military's intention to do environmental engineering is well documented.

U.S. Congress' subcommittee hearings on Oceans and International Environment looked into military weather and climate modification conducted in the early 1970's. "What emerged was an awesome picture of far-ranging research and experimentation by the Department of Defense into ways environmental tampering could be used as a weapon," said another author cited in Angels Don't Play This HAARP.

The revealed secrets surprised legislators. Would an inquiry into the state of the art of electromagnetic manipulation surprise lawmakers today? They may find out that technologies developed out of the HAARP experiments in Alaska could deliver on Gordon MacDonald's vision, because leading-edge scientists are describing global weather as not only air pressure and thermal systems, but also as an electrical system.

'Small Input, Big Effect'

HAARP zaps the ionosphere where it is relatively unstable. A point to remember is that the ionosphere is an active electrical shield protecting the planet from the constant bombardment of high-energy particles from space. This conducting plasma, along with Earth's magnetic field, traps the electrical plasma of space and holds it back from going directly to the earth's surface, says Charles Yost of Dynamic Systems, Leicester, North Carolina.

"If the ionosphere is greatly disturbed, the atmosphere below is subsequently disturbed.".

Another scientist interviewed said there is a super-powerful electrical connection between the ionosphere and the part of the atmosphere where our weather comes onstage, the lower atmosphere.

One man-made electrical effect - power line harmonic resonance - causes fallout of charged particles from the Van Allen (radiation) belts, and the falling ions cause ice crystals (which precipitate rain clouds).

What about HAARP? Energy blasted upward from an ionospheric heater is not much compared to the total in the ionosphere, but HAARP documents admit that thousandfold-greater amounts of energy can be released in the ionosphere than injected. As with MacDonald's "key to geophysical warfare", "nonlinear" effects (described in the literature about the ionospheric heater) mean small input and large output. Astrophysicist Adam Trombly told Manning that an acupuncture model is one way to look at the possible effect of multi-gigawatt pulsing of the ionosphere. If HAARP hits certain points , those parts of the ionosphere could react in surprising ways.

Smaller ionospheric heaters such as the one at Arecibo are underneath relatively placid regions of the ionosphere, compared to the dynamic movements nearer Earth's magnetic poles. That adds another uncertainty to HAARP - the unpredictable and lively upper atmosphere near the North Pole.

HAARP experimenters do not impress common sense Alaskans such as Barbara Zickuhr, who says "They're like boys playing with a sharp stick, finding a sleeping bear and poking it in the butt to see what's going to happen."

Could They Short-Circuit Earth?

Earth as a spherical electrical system is a fairly well-accepted model. However, those experimenters who want to make unnatural power connections between parts of this system might not be thinking of possible consequences. Electrical motors and generators can be caused to wobble when their circuits are affected. Could human activities cause a significant change in a planet's electrical circuit or electrical field? A paper in the respected journal Science deals with manmade ionization from radioactive material, but perhaps it could also be studied with HAARP-type skybusters in mind:

"For example, while changes in the earth's electric field resulting from a solar flare modulating conductivity may have only a barely detectable effect on meteorology, the situation may be different in regard to electric field changes caused by manmade ionization..."

Meteorology, of course, is the study of the atmosphere and weather. Ionization is what happens when a higher level of power is zapped into atoms and knocks electrons off the atoms. The resulting charged particles are the stuff of HAARP. "One look at the weather should tell us that we are on the wrong path," says Paul Schaefer, commenting on HAARP-type technologies.

Angels Don't Play This HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology is about the military's plan to manipulate that which belongs to the world - the ionosphere. The arrogance of the United States government in this is not without precedent. Atmospheric nuclear tests had similar goals. More recently, China and France put their people's money to destructive use in underground nuclear tests. It was recently reported that the US government spent $3 trillion dollars on its nuclear program since its beginnings in the 1940's. What new breakthroughs in life science could have been made with all the money spent on death?

Begich, Manning, Roderick and others believe that democracies need to be founded on openness, rather than the secrecy which surrounds so much military science. Knowledge used in developing revolutionary weapons could be used for healing and helping mankind. Because they are used in new weapons, discoveries are classified and suppressed. When they do appear in the work of other independent scientists, the new ideas are often frustrated or ridiculed, while military research laboratories continue to build their new machines for the killing fields.

However, the book by Manning and Begich gives hope that the military- industrial- academic- bureaucratic Goliath can be affected by the combined power of determined individuals and the alternative press. Becoming informed is the first step to empowerment.

Source : Vandalism in the Sky

Ground-Based 'Star Wars'

Disaster Or 'Pure' Research?

By Dr. Nick Begich of Anchorage, Alaska,
and Jeane Manning of Vancouver, British Columbia.

Reprinted from Earthpulse Flashpoints, Newtext Number Three.

"The earth is delicately balanced, and seeks to restore balance when disturbed. No one really knows how ionospheric experiments will affect that balance, or what the earth will do in response to try to restore balance."

These words are from Rosalie Bertell, Ph.D., of Toronto, Canada, founder of the International Institute of Concern for Public Health. Dr. Bertell was commenting on a U. S. military experiment named HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program). HAARP may be the test run for a ground-based 'Star Wars' defense system. Military documents say it is intended to disrupt portions of the ionosphere (electrically active layer above the upper atmosphere) by heating it with powerful pulsed radio frequency beams. Radiation that bounces back to the surface of the planet would be in the longwave ELF (extremely low frequency) range.

Intended to be the most powerful ionospheric heater ever built, HAARP's ground-based apparatus - an array of 48 antennae each powered by its own transmitter - sits in the remote Alaskan wilderness northeast of the city of Anchorage. HAARP is much more than the auroral (Northern Lights) and radio-communications research project as is claimed by researchers at the University of Alaska's Geophysical Institute and their financial backers - the U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force. Any weapons system in its early stages can be easily disguised as "pure" research. The fact is however, that HAARP is a military experiment aimed at invasively manipulating the ionosphere by beaming high energy upward from the ground. Such activity could potentially disrupt natural systems on the earth and high above it.

Individual members of the European Parliament are among the growing number of people worldwide who have been startled to hear about HAARP. Voices expressing various levels of concern are being heard in many countries. For example, in contrast with the cautiously-worded comment of Dr. Bertell, a Germany-based researcher in the field of quantum electrodynamics, Al Zielinski, paints an apocalyptic word-picture. (He says HAARP technology could trigger a disaster with a global impact - electromagnetic waves causing destruction "when interacting with protective layers of the earth and its gravitational field".)

The ionosphere seems very far away, but even when undisturbed by humans it affects our everyday lives. For example, radio broadcasts are bounced off this electrically charged layer which lies between forty and six hundred miles above the surface of the earth, just above the ozone layer. The ionosphere is alive with electrical activity, so much so that its processes are "non-linear". This means that the ionosphere is dynamic, and its reactions to experiments are unpredictable.

The concept of non-linear is important in understanding the concerns of independent scientists who are knowledgeable about advanced physics and who warn against brash high-energy experiments on the ionosphere. Non-linear processes can change suddenly and unexpectedly, or they can increase in power dramatically. Some theorists such as Zielinski say that a non-linear process can under certain conditions tap into the background energy of space, which is also called "zero-point fluctuations of the vacuum".

Studying radio communications by using a tool as powerful as HAARP is a worthy scientific task in the opinion of the authors, but some independent researchers question whether the means justifies the end. Is it wise to poke holes in Earth's electrical umbrella? Is it wise to prod a dynamic natural system without knowing how it might react?

HAARP-Type Technology Could Perform A Variety Of Tricks

HAARP is intended to heat and lift a portion of the ionosphere above a selected location or locations on the planet in order to make a huge invisible "mirror" for bouncing electromagnetic radiation back to the surface of Earth. Why? The answer is that the U.S. military wants to:

• communicate with its submerged submarines by penetrating the oceans with ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) radiations.
• penetrate the land with ELF in order to search for hidden tunnels or other sites of military interest (a process known as earth-penetrating tomography).

What else could a HAARP-type project do in the near future? If the technology is scaled up in size, it could:

• Shield a territory from intercontinental ballistic missiles
• Fry satellites
• Discriminate between incoming objects (missiles)
• Enhance communications
• Disrupt communications over a large area of the globe
• Change the chemical structure of the upper atmosphere and possibly alter the weather
• Affect human mental functioning
• Impact the health of humans and other biological systems.

Ionospheric heaters as a class of research instruments are nothing new; they have operated in Puerto Rico, the former Soviet Union and Tromso, Norway (operated by Max Planck Insitut fur Aeronomie) as well as at another site in Alaska. But what is being tested in the Alaskan wilderness since 1994 is new -- a tool that can focus and steer the radio frequency energy upward. This makes it capable of hitting the ionosphere with a far greater impact than possible from the previous design of heaters.

As HAARP's focused radio-frequency beams heat and boil targeted locations of the ionosphere, Earth's electrical system will be injected with a further excess of high-energy particles. What happens when a saturated system is infused repeatedly with too much energy? This question has been raised by independent physicists.

Each experiment with the HAARP is a test run for what can later be a powerful multi-purpose tool for the United States military. When completely built, the tool will beam an immense amount of focused radio-frequency energy upward, heating and therefore lifting a part of the ionosphere. To picture how HAARP works, imagine a radio telescope in reverse; antennas that send out signals instead of receiving them. Then imagine an array of the most powerful of such instruments, working together to focus a beam upward.

How can a lay person understand what such a tool could do? Alaska state legislators are not necessarily trained in science, so in the spring of 1996 their State Affairs committee called in representatives of both sides of the HAARP controversy. (Following publication of the book Angels Don't Play This HAARP, many Alaskans became aware of the experiment in their backyard and asked their lawmakers to look at it.)

Alaska Lawmakers Hear Scientists' Concerns

One of the experts who testified at the State Affairs Committee hearing was Richard Williams of Princeton, New Jersey. He has a doctorate degree in physical chemistry from Harvard University and worked for 30 years as an industrial scientist in solid state electronics, electronics, structure of clouds, water evaporation and other environmental problems. Dr. Williams is an independent scientist; he's not dependent on funding from the military. This lends him a degree of independent judgment which compels us to quote him at length:

"I want to alert the legislature to an activity now going on in Alaska that, in addition to any local effect, might become a global threat to the atmosphere. That is HAARP. The initial experiment, as Mr.(project manager John) Hecksher said, will be done using modest power levels and are not a cause for concern. However, the project's internal documents indicate that plans include the eventual use of power levels up to ten billion watts. This is an enormous power level, more than 200 times the total electrical power level used by the city of Juneau. There could be a serious impact in the atmosphere that might result from energies of this magnitude. Effects might include drastic alteration of the thermal, refractive, scattering and emission character of the atmosphere over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum."

"Experiments at this power level would produce large changes in the concentration of charged particles in the ionosphere that would persist for some time and might even lead to permanent changes."

Dr. Williams told the committee that he is a supporter of the armed forces, but as a scientist he wanted to explain how "unintended consequences of innocent and beneficial human activities can cause serious changes on a global scale".

We introduced two examples of activities earlier this century which caused unintentional and serious changes in the atmosphere, with effects worldwide. The first example he cited was the growing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. "What we don't know yet is how this will affect the delicate balance of life on earth."

The second unintended change that he cited is damage to the ozone layer, that shields us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. "In neither of these examples would an Environmental Impact Statement have identified the problem in time. Do we have any way to judge what (HAARP's) energy can do to the upper atmosphere?"

Excess Of Charged Particles, A Product Of HAARP

Perhaps, Dr. Williams offered, we do have an indicator: results of high-altitude nuclear explosions by the US and USSR during the Cold War. Intended to produce artificial radiation zones and possibly counteract a threat of intercontinental ballistic missiles, the explosions resulted in global interruptions of radio communications and profound disturbances of the upper atmosphere, including greatly increased concentrations of charged particles.

Following one of these tests, in July of 1962, James Van Allen used specially-instrumented satellites to monitor the electron population in the upper atmosphere. He reported a large initial increase in electron population, followed by a slow decrease, with significant disturbances still observable a year after the explosion.

"But this was just one injection of energy," Dr. Williams said. "To develop a military system, such as the one proposed by HAARP to communicate with submerged submarines, takes many tests, even if the system is never used in combat. For example, for test purposes over the years, the nuclear armed countries have exploded more than 2,000 nuclear weapons, mostly near the Earth's surface or under ground. A single massive injection of energy into the atmosphere violently disturbs its properties, and as Van Allen showed, the effect can last for a year or more."

"What would be the effect of repeatedly injecting high energy thousands of times? I believe the answer is that no one knows."

Those were changes of the atmosphere on a global scale, Dr. Williams noted. He pondered the possibility of additional, special, effects for polar regions, where the upper atmosphere has unique properties. Showers of charged particles coming from storms on the sun veer toward the poles, where they enter the atmosphere and produce the northern lights; some changes in the ozone layer have been most extreme over Antarctica and the far North. "Any future global changes in the atmosphere might well be noticed first in polar regions. Alaska may get the first warning of coming changes. And serve as the miner's canary for the rest of the world. If this happened, Alaska's state motto, 'North to the Future', would take on an unintended and ironic meaning."

"For any program that might damage the atmosphere on a global scale, we need to have full warning of the plans in advance, and informed public discussion, to justify the activity and identify all possible hazards."

Controversial Views

Dr. William Gordon (Ph.D. at Rice University, an electrical engineer specializing in radio communications) has worked on an ionospheric heater project and said there is "no convincing evidence" that exposure to low frequency electric or magnetic fields causes monitorable health hazards. He said the U.S. Navy has sponsored a series of studies asking if their ELF transmitters in the states of Wisconsin and Michigan have caused harm.

"The results are not all in, but from the material I have looked at, operation of the ELF facility does not produce ecological effects..." While testifying at the legislative hearing he claimed that operation of very powerful transmitters have no adverse health effects.

Dr. Patrick Flanagan of Arizona disagrees. Dr. Flanagan also gave telephoned testimony. Since the proponents of HAARP focused attention on whether those questioning the project have prestigious academic backgrounds, Dr. Begich introduced Patrick Flanagan at length:

He has a doctorate in both medicine and physics and has experience in government weapons projects: he developed and sold a guided missile detector to the U.S. military when still a youth. Later he developed an electronic device for communication with the brain. Dr. Flanagan worked with a Pentagon think tank that was run by the former head of the Office of Scientific Research. He also developed speech encoding systems. He has worked for NASA, Tufts University, the Office of Naval Research, and at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds for the Department of Unconventional Weapons and Warfare.

The major portion of Dr. Flanagan's life work, however, has been on electromagnetic fields and their effects on living systems. In 1968 he turned his back on government-sponsored research, and since then has done independent research in his own laboratory.

Max Planck Institute Points To Health Effects

Possible effects of future HAARP fields on living systems is a concern that should be discussed, Dr. Flanagan told the committee. "One of the purposes of HAARP is to develop ELF (extremely low frequency) capability, for transmitting high-energy ELF waves, from .001 HZ all the way up to 40 Kilohertz, as described in (the military's) literature."

In the meantime, new research by other scientists shows that ELF signals may have profound effects on living organisms. Dr. Flanagan cited the example of known effects of ELF on the Circadian rhythms, which is the biological clock, of all living organisms including humans.

"The Max Planck Institute in Germany has done quite a bit of work on this, showing that very low energy levels - in fact, energy levels that are one tenth of the strength of the earth's magnetic field, can have profound effects on these rhythms... Mr. Hecksher and his colleagues may say that ELF fields from HAARP are not harmful, but remember -- our government once sprayed DDT (pesticide) on school children while they were eating lunch, and said this was not harmful..."

Dr. Flanagan in his brief testimony cited a study by a researcher at Catholic University which showed that coherent ELF fields, which is what HAARP will generate, can have an effect on DNA. For example they create abnormal development in chicken embryos and "possibly in humans".

In reply to denial by a military representative, Dr. Flanagan said there are thousands of papers written by reputable scientists on the negative effects of ELF fields on living systems. The Environmental Protection Agency released a report in 1991 linking electromagnetic fields to leukemia and brain cancer in children, for example. Flanagan continues, "we have a paper here that was just published in 1996 entitled Superimposing Spatially Coherent Electromagnetic Noise Inhibits Field-induced Abnormalities in Developing Chick Embryos. The paper shows that very low energy ELF fields develop abnormalities in developing chick embryos." (The fields could be counteracted by applying a white noise field.) "There is a tremendous amount of background literature on this. So ELF fields are not just harmless, as is being implied.... I don't think the question of electromagnetic safety has been entered at all."

No National Flags Waving In The Ionosphere

Mark Farmer, a journalist from Juneau, Alaska, also testified. Farmer prefaced his testimony by reminding the military representatives that he quotes statements from their own documents. Farmer's articles have been published in the prestigious defense magazine, Janes Defense Weekly, and in Popular Science magazine.

Farmer agreed that HAARP needs independent monitoring but he is not opposed to HAARP and appreciates the instrumentation. Particularly because it is currently only one-tenth of its eventual size "...the actual transmitter, as Mr. Hecksher says, is going to be a complex of incoherent scatter radars, some imaging devices. The super computer from UAF (University of Alaska, Fairbanks) is going to be tied in I imagine, for diagnostics. There's a spun liquid mercury mirror that's being put in. This is cutting-edge stuff and we in Alaska are lucky to have it, in some respects. I am generally in favor of the program, but the oversight (monitoring of the project) stinks."

"There is no supranational treaty that deals with the upper atmosphere or the ionosphere like there is for Antarctica or outer space," Farmer continued.

"I doubt if the power levels of HAARP are going to do anything really bad, but I don't know. Back in the 1950s and 1960s we blew up hydrogen bombs in the upper atmosphere... that delivered a lot more energy than HAARP can. But with (HAARP's) beam-steering, the pulsing capabilities, and maybe some instigation from secret organizations or counterproliferation groups within the U. S. government, there could be some bad effects."

"So there needs to be oversight other than the military." Farmer noted that Phillips laboratory, where HAARP's project manager is based, does basic research, as does the Office of Naval Research. But they also build secret weapons.

Most of Farmer's writing involves a covert testing base in Nevada called Area 51; he has spent much time in that area and in observing military secrecy tactics. He does not see HAARP itself as a secret project, but added that he does believe there are some secret initiatives. HAARP documents are unclassified "at least that I've been able to find. But there are classified documents dealing with 'Star Wars' (Strategic Defense Initiative) related projects such as using ionospheric heaters, back in the '1980s, which HAARP is actually a spinoff from."

HAARP technology could be used for beneficial purposes, Farmer said. However, if people outside the military lose interest in asking that HAARP's power levels and purposes be monitored by independent science councils, then the hidden world of defense corporations will probably step in. "The black programs will probably seep in from the side. And there will be secret initiatives."

Could Other Countries Build Powerful Zappers?

One of the legislators, Representative Green, asked if HAARP is opening a "Pandora's box" - other countries would soon have whatever technology is developed in HAARP. Could what begins in its simplistic form, safe and controllable, later be used as a weapon by increasing the level of energy, and possibly detrimental effects, over selected areas?

Edward Kennedy, from Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., who is a technical interface between the contractor for HAARP (Raytheon Corporation) and the government, said that is difficult to answer. "We in the United States have no control over what other countries might do." However, he said, most other countries probably would not be able to finance building such a powerful instrument.

HAARP project manager John Hecksher told the committee that the ionospheric heater in Norway is comparable to HAARP: it has an antenna array very much like what HAARP will have. However, regarding HAARP's ability to create a narrow beam, Norway's instrument is two or three times less powerful than what HAARP will become.

Dr. Begich wanted the discussion to focus on the unique features of HAARP technology, not merely on power levels transmitted from the ground. The significant feature which distinguishes HAARP from other ionospheric heater projects operating around the world is the focusing capability of this particular design. The ability to focus radio-frequency energy into a narrow beam and to steer that beam gives it a powerful advantage in "perturbing the ionosphere".

Dr. Siun Akasofu, head of the University of Alaska's Geophysical Institute, argued that speaking about the focusing is misleading and that even if the radio-frequency beam is focused, "...the amount of energy going into the ionosphere is so little that you cannot see any light coming from the ionosphere. One of most sensitive instruments in the world cannot see it. On the other hand, look at the aurora; you can see it with your naked eye." (We experienced Dr. Akasofu's statement as being strange, because the scientific literature on ionospheric heaters is full of references to "enhanced airglow" from the experiments.)

Dr. Begich and Dr. Flanagan asked the committee to look at the absence of independent biological scientists and people with backgrounds in electrophysiology, in the think tanks where HAARP-type experiments are hatched. People with those backgrounds are also concerned, he said, that using a tool for disturbing the ionosphere is not a decision that should be made only by the United States; it's a global issue.

Alaska may acquire a defense shield in the form of an advanced HAARP-type technology, Dr. Begich noted. "But it has to be reviewed from a biological standpoint, not just a mechanical standpoint."

Changing Statements About Power Levels

At the legislative hearing, HAARP employees focused on HAARP's current power levels, while the researchers on the other side of the controversy focused attention on the direction in which the power levels for the project are heading.

Has the military decided to downsize this current program they call HAARP because of public attention to it? At the legislative hearing, a representative of the military said the current developmental prototype of HAARP is capable of 3.6 kilowatts of radiated power. The full scale prototype will provide up to ten times that, or about 3,600 kilowatts, he said.

Dr. Patrick Flanagan noted that "the power levels described by Dr. Hecksher aren't consistent with a statement he made on a TV show (Sightings). When he was interviewed, (Dr. Hecksher) said the HAARP system can punch holes through the ionosphere and these holes would heal shortly after a HAARP system was turned off."

To punch a hole through the ionosphere would take more than the alleged 3,600 kilowatts, Dr. Flanagan indicated. He did mention, however, that there was another disturbing possibility: the "maser amplification of the HAARP energy. For example, if HAARP is applying 3,600 kilowatts to the ionosphere, there's a possibility of what is called maser amplification of that energy by charged particles in the ionosphere...the energy is powered by the energy from the sun. So that these charged particles in the ionosphere can be caused to mase... So that puts out more energy than HAARP is putting in."

What do the military planners have in mind? Technical Memorandum 195, an unpublished 613-page compilation concerning the HAARP Workshop on Ionospheric Heating Diagnostics, (held in 1991 at Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts) includes this piece of information: the desired level of power for HAARP is 100 billion watts, vastly greater than what the military is now claiming as a goal. Other documents from the military were openly published and refer to power levels between one and ten gigawatts (billion watts).

Whatever the eventual power level it does not take much power bouncing back to the surface of the earth to affect living organisms. Dr. Nick Begich also told the State Affairs Committee about a substantial amount of science literature on the topic that has been published as recently as the early 1990s. The findings suggest that lower levels of energy (lower than previously believed) can affect human physiology. These studies are the most significant aspect of what has not been properly disclosed by those responsible for the HAARP project's safety, he testified. The project began when the debate over effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation was still in its infancy. Since then, many scientists have come to the conclusion that lower energy densities, when pulsed in the right frequency range, will have profound health effects.

Source : Ground Based Star Wars

Biohazards of Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)

by Dr. Nick Begich

Reprinted from Earthpulse Flashpoints Series 1 Volume 1.

In reporting on the HAARP project the issue of extremely low frequency (ELF) impacts on human health has been raised. The debate on the impact of ELF is still ongoing in international medical circles. However, recent research points to the fact that these frequencies when shaped and transferred to humans cause significant reactions. In our book, Angels Don't Play this HAARP: Advances in Tesla Technology, we explore some of these reactions.

HAARP is not the only system available for taking advantage of these new technologies. The military has developed smaller weapon systems for use in battlefield applications. These new weapons were disclosed in documents authored and compiled by the United States Air Force. The Air Force documents indicate that these weapons can be used for mind control, inducing heart attacks, causing electronic failures and creating computer malfunctions. More recently these new weapons have been revealed in International Red Cross documents and in other press reports. In a CBS - 60 Minutes broadcast on February 11, 1996 a report on some of these new systems was shown. The program discussed some of the effects of these new weapons which included disorientation and "flu-like symptoms".

This new classification of weapons has created some level of concern on the part of military planners in trying to find a way to introduce these systems. The United States Army has developed a concept called the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) which begins to unfold the weapons introduction plan. What this document points out is that many of these weapons will operate in a way which is in conflict with American values. The Army realizes that the conflict with our values exists and openly discusses the problem it presents. The Army then goes on to describe a number of ways to reshape those values so that these new weapons can be used. The basic problem, from this writers perspective, is that the U. S. Army's role in the American scene is not intended to "shape and form public values", rather it is supposed to "reflect" American values. The idea that any branch of government should see their role as one of setting the national ethic is wrong.

The United States military has taken advantage of the basic research which demonstrates the effects of various types of electromagnetic radiation. This research is being used for weapons development. These new technologies have been, in part, transferred to the United States Justice Department for use in domestic police actions. The technology transfers have been made over the last several years. Three conferences were held between 1985 and 1993 in order to gradually introduce the technologies. The last conference included discussions of pulsed radio frequency systems and was considered so sensitive that the entire meeting was classified by the Department of Defense and the program sponsor -- Los Alamos Laboratory. This last meeting has led to policy development which now permits technology transfers from the military to the United States Department of Justice.

There are a number of documented effects of these low levels of electromagnetic radiation. The effects can be positive or negative depending upon the intent of the operators. In Europe, and elsewhere, the use of these low levels of electromagnetic radiations are being applied to the development of very effective healing systems. In future articles we will be discussing the findings of researchers and clinicians who are using these new electromedical systems. Significant work has been done in nonsurgical applications for treating heart disease, cancer, diabetes and numerous other disorders. However, on the dark side of these technologies is the military. The Department of Defense uses the same basic information for developing weapons which attack health.

The use of these new weapons in altering and manipulating human brain functions is startling. In November, 1995, I asked Dr. Patrick Flanagan if there was a way to guard against low level radiations in the ELF range. These are the frequency ranges which can cause disruptions in the human brain. He considered the question and then described the following equipment configuration for use in a home or work place:

Dr. Flanagan suggested that a circuit be constructed. The system he described would start with a "white noise" generator. (These are available from organizations like the Sharper Image.) The white noise generator speaker would be disconnected and the speaker's wire leads would be connected to the input side of a power amplifier. The output side of that power amplifier would then be connected to an insulated copper wire which would be looped once around the area which was to be protected against ELF. This circuit would provide protection for low power density ELF signals. The purpose of the system is to create a situation where the ELF signals cannot "lock" onto biological systems -- like human beings. The effectiveness of the system would be based upon its actual construction and the ELF power levels in the area. The components for construction can be readily obtained from electronic supply houses and can be built by people skilled in electronics to assure that the components sizes match correctly.

While we realize that many people will not be able to construct these devices themselves we looked into the possibility of producing them. Dr. Flanagan has designed two systems. One for personal use has been designed which can be kept close to your body and kept with you throughout the day. The device does not have any physical effect on the user it only serves to dissipate radiations which would otherwise have a negative physical effect. This device is about the size of a cassette tape. A second device has been designed for use in the home. This device is intended to remain in the house or work location in a fixed position. Both of these devices will be made available in the next several months. The cost of the home unit will be about $300. The cost of the personal unit will be about $100.

It is also important to note is that this system will also guard against other ELF sources which may be present in the home which are created by appliances, power lines, etc.

If you have an interest in obtaining either of these devices we are maintaining an "interest file" for the release of the first production run on this device. Send a self addressed stamped envelope to the Earthpulse Press and when these units are available we will notify you. The initial production quantities will be limited but the device will continue to be manufactured as long as there is a demand.

Source : Biohazards of Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)

Waking up the Military

by Trustees for Alaska

Reprinted from Earthpulse Flashpoints, Series 1 Volume 2.

Editor's Note: The following letter is reprinted with permission of Trustees for Alaska. This organization is pursuing inquiries into the HAARP program. We are cooperating with them in their attempt to help in this matter. The letter encapsulates the latest information on this project.

The primary support for our efforts in opposing the HAARP program has come from conservative organizations who have, over the last year, asked us where the environmental community was on the issue. We are pleased to be joined in our opposition to HAARP with what is quickly becoming a coalition of both conservative and liberal organizations. The true American character is demonstrated when issues of mutual importance can be embraced by diverse interest groups and, most importantly, by remarkable individuals.

Please forward your own letter to John Heckscher expressing your concerns and opinions on this project. May 8, 1996 John Heckscher PL/GPIA Hanscom AFB, MA. 01731-5000 Re: High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) Dear Mr. Heckscher,

Trustees for Alaska, on behalf of itself, Greenpeace, National Audubon Society, Alaska Center for the Environment, Sierra Club, Alaska Wildlife Alliance, Northern Alaska Environmental Center and National Wildlife Federation, hereby request that the United States Air Force prepare a supplement to the July 1993 Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the operation of the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP). As you have correctly noted in various fora (including at the recent State of Alaska House of Representatives, State Affairs Committee HAARP Oversight Hearing), the Air Force has a continuing duty to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by preparing a supplemental EIS should certain conditions be met.

As detailed below, given the apparent substantial changes in the project and significant new information relevant to environmental concerns about HAARP, we believe this duty has been triggered. Should the Air Force disagree as to the mandatory nature of this duty, we still request that a supplemental EIS be prepared using your discretionary authority to do so. Finally, the Air Force should fund and support an independent review and monitoring effort to alleviate the public's concerns about the project.

I. The National Environmental Policy Act

To put our request in context, and before we enter into a discussion of the changed factual circumstances mandating the preparation of a supplemental EIS, we set out a brief overview of the relevant legal structure. As you know, NEPA requires a federal agency to prepare an EIS whenever it undertakes a "major...action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment." 42U.S.C.'4332(2)(C). The Air Force recognized that HAARP triggered the NEPA duty to prepare an EIS and, in the summer of 1993, the Air Force, in cooperation with the Navy, released the Final Environmental Impact Statement for HAARP. See FEIS Volumes I and II (July 15, 1993). Later that year, the Air Force issued its decision to proceed with the project. See Record of Decision (ROD) (October 18, 1993).

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is the principal agency responsible for the administration of NEPA. 42U.S.C.'4342. CEQ has enacted regulations implementing NEPA. 40 C.F.R. 1500.1 et seq. The CEQ regulations require federal agencies to supplement an EIS when: (i) The agency makes substantial changes in the proposed action that are relevant to environmental concerns; or (ii) There are significant new circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action or its impacts. 40 C.F.R. ' 1502.9(c)(1).

In addition to the CEQ regulations, each federal agency has its own set of regulations adapting the CEQ regulations to the activities of each agency. See e.g. 32 C.F.R. Part 187 (Department of Defense); 32 C.F.R. Part 989 (Department of the Air Force); 32 C.F.R. Part 775 (Department of the Navy). Consistent with the CEQ regulations, the Department of Defense regulations require EIS supplementation when: substantial changes to the proposed action are made relative to the environment of the global commons or when significant new information or circumstances, relevant to environmental concerns, bears on the proposed action or its environmental effects on the global commons. 32 C.F.R. Part 187, Enclosure 1, para. D4; see also 32 C.F.R. Part 18, Enclosure 1, para. D4 (requiring supplementation for Department of Defense actions with effects in the United States); 32 C.F.R. 989.20(b) (same for the Air Force).

As the United States Supreme Court has stated, the test for supplementation is based on a "rule of reason": If there remains a "major federal action" to occur, and if the new information is sufficient to show that the remaining action will "affect the quality of the human environment" in a significant manner or to a significant extent not already considered, a supplemental . . . [impact statement] must be prepared. Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council, 490 U.S. 360, 373-74 (1989).

Finally, an agency also has the discretion to prepare a supplement to an EIS if it "determines that the purposes of [NEPA] will be furthered by doing so." 40 C.F.R. ' 1502.9(c)(2).

II. Factual Background

As you know, in late 1993, the Air Force, in cooperation with the Navy, began construction of HAARP in Gakona, Alaska. The main element of HAARP is a large radio wave transmitter which "utilize[s] powerful, high frequency (HF) transmissions and a variety of associated observational instruments to investigate naturally occurring and artificially induced ionospheric processes that support, enhance or degrade the propagation of radio waves." ROD at 1. Construction of the HAARP facility is currently scheduled to be completed within six or seven years and presently it runs at about ten percent of projected power levels. See O'Harra, HAARP's Mixed Signals; Solid Research Or Menace To Alaskans, Anchorage Daily News (April 7, 1996).

As the Air Force originally explained, HAARP is aimed at studying the ionosphere, "with particular emphasis placed on being able to better understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civil and defense purposes." FEIS Vol. I at iii. As an example, one touted potential military benefit from the project is the development of a communication system for use with submerged submarines.

The Air Force, in the FEIS, detailed its view of the impacts of the project. The Air Force focused almost exclusively on the local and regional impacts of HAARP, primarily on things such as impacts to animals, degradation of air quality and vegetation loss due to construction activities. FEIS at 3-1 to 3-165. The Air Force deemed HAARP's effects to the atmosphere and biological effects to be non-existent or insignificant. See id; see also ROD at Table 2.4-1. The only admitted potentially significant impact is "interference to radio communication systems and electroexplosive devices during transmitting periods." Id.

In the years since the EIS process was completed, several groups and individuals have raised questions concerning the uses to which HAARP will be put and the likely effects flowing from those uses. Some of these assertions are set forth in a book, published in 1995, called Angels Don't Play This HAARP. Manning, Begich, Angels Don't Play This HAARP, Earthpulse Press (1995).1 In this book, the authors set forth a detailed and fully-referenced description of HAARP and its potential uses and effects. During the course of their research for the book, the authors found that, rather than the innocuous project described by the Air Force, HAARP represents a technology which could lead to a new class of weapons that could change our world profoundly - an all-purpose military tool. If misused, the tool could mess up the weather. It could be used against humanity in a way that would change what people think, believe and feel. . . . [HAARP could]:

• manipulate global weather;
• hurt ecosystems;
• knock out electronic communications; or
• change our moods and mental states.

A detailed recitation in this discussion of the assertions and facts contained in Angels Don't Play This HAARP would serve no useful purpose; the book stands on its own as a question mark affixed to the Air Force's contrary description of the uses and effects of HAARP.2 As set out below, this request is based upon questions and concerns about HAARP raised by facts surrounding both the Air Force's current intended uses for the project and scientific evidence raising questions about HAARP's effects.

III. The Air Force Should Supplement the HAARP EIS

The following discussion is organized into three sections. In the first section we set out the information, gathered since the completion of the FEIS, which suggests that substantial changes have been made to the purposes of the project as originally described and analyzed in the FEIS. These changes implicate environmental concerns with HAARP and require supplementation of the EIS.

In the second section we describe the significant new information concerning HAARP, information which is relevant to environmental concerns about the project. The data in this section also leads to the conclusion that the EIS must be supplemented.

Third, even if the Air Force does not determine that NEPA mandates it to supplement the EIS, it should do so voluntarily. As the Air Force is well aware, HAARP has resulted in a tremendous outpouring of concern about its purposes and potential effects. This controversy - well-founded in science or not - convincingly demonstrates that the public participation purposes of NEPA have not been satisfied. Thus, it is highly advisable for the Air Force to re-do the process, reaffirming its oft-stated position that HAARP is an open and above-board project and quelling the fears and concerns of so many people.

A. HAARP Has Undergone Substantial Changes

Again, as described by the Air Force, HAARP is a "scientific endeavor aimed at studying basic properties and behavior of the ionosphere, with particular emphasis placed on being able to better understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civil and defense purposes." (FEIS Vol. I at iii). As the Air Force has stated both in the ROD and FEIS, the environmental concerns which flow from this rather benignly-presented project are not significant. (See e.g., ROD at Table 2.4-1).

Clearly, the Air Force's treatment of HAARP has been less than confidence-building. For example, it is incongruous for the Air Force to conclude that no significant effects will flow from HAARP (with the exception of electromagnetic and radio frequency interference which the Air Force has pledged to mitigate when an EIS is required only for those federal actions which have a "significant impact on the quality of the human environment." 42 U.S.C. ' 4332(2)(C); compare 40 C.F.R. '' 1501.4(b), 1508.9 (1988) (EIS unnecessary for major federal action that does not significantly affect the environment). Certainly, the Air Force should recognize this incongruity and realize that it provides a reasonable basis for the public to question the accuracy of other assertions made by the Air Force.

In any event, plentiful evidence exists that raises questions about HAARP and its current and intended uses and effects. In 1994, for example, the Senate Committee on Armed Services stated the following in a report attached to its passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995: The committee is aware of the promising results of the high frequency active auroral research program (HAARP). This transmitter in Alaska, besides providing a world class research facility for ionospheric physics, could allow earth-penetrating tomography over most of the northern hemisphere. Such a capability would permit the detection and precise location of tunnels, shelters, and other underground shelters. The absence of such a capability has been noted as a serious weakness in the Department of Defense plans for precision attacks on hardened targets and for counterproliferation. 103d Congress, 2d session, Report 103-282 at 86 (June 14, 1994).The Armed Services Committee went on to state that it would condition future funds for a "full-scale HAARP facility" on the Department of Defense's commitment to exploring the counterproliferation possibilities of HAARP.

The very next year, the Committee on Appropriations recommended passage of the Department of Defense Appropriation Bill for 1996, with specific recommendation that the Senate include substantial monies for HAARP. 104th Congress, 1st session, Report 104-24 at 190 (July 28, 1995). This appropriation appeared under the heading "Counterproliferation support - advanced development."

Nowhere in the HAARP FEIS does the Air Force so much as mention, much less evaluate, the earth-penetrating tomography aspects of HAARP or its use for counterproliferation purposes. Indeed, the Index to the FEIS does not even contain a reference to these terms. (See FEIS Vol. I at 8-1.)

In response to a letter from a concerned citizen who raised this issue, the Air Force admitted that earth-penetrating tomography was "not specifically documented in the EIS" yet stated that this use is "within original design and operating parameters which have been identified in the FEIS." (Letter from John Heckscher, Air Force, to Arthur Gray, NTIA November 17, 1994). Given the total lack of reference to earth-penetrating tomography and counter-proliferation in the FEIS, this statement does not appear supported by the record. (See 40C.F.R.'1502.8 EIS' "shall be written in plain language . . . so that decisionmakers and the public can readily understand them"); 40 C.F.R. ' 1502.13 (agency shall "briefly specify the underlying purpose and need" of the proposed action). Indeed, given the attention focused on this specific application of HAARP and the substantial federal monies apparently dedicated to it, the Air Force should not so easily dismiss this issue.

In the same Senate Report referencing the counterproliferation purposes of HAARP, the Senate also recommended substantial appropriations for HAARP under the heading "advanced weapons." 104th Congress, 1st session, Report 104-24 at 190 (July 28, 1995). The Committee provided no explanation for this appropriation. Available literature on advanced weapons systems seems to support the ability of a HAARP-type facility to be used for these purposes. See e.g., International Committee of the Red Cross, Expert Meeting on Certain Weapons Systems and on Implementation Mechanisms in International Law (July 1994); see also Metz, Kievit, The Revolution In Military Affairs And Conflict Short Of War, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College at 9 (July 1994); Heating Up The Air Waves, Jane's Defense Weekly, Vol. 23, No.13; Hayeslip, Preszler, NIJ Initiative On Less-Than-Lethal Weapons, National Institute of Justice! at 16-18 (March 1993); Edwardson, The Right To Prevent The Commission Of